Responsible Sexual Choices

Responsible Sexual Choices


Sex and Teens
Whenever I become aware of teens having sex, I am deeply concerned. Sex is a wonderful and powerful expression of love. Like a fire or a gun, it should not be used by someone unprepared for the consequences of its use. I have counseled with many, many teens, and I have yet to find one who was even partially prepared to deal with the consequences of sexual behavior. Pregnancy is the natural result of having sex. Even if you are extremely careful and consistent in your birth control -- and few teens are -- you can wind up pregnant and scared.

Once a pregnancy results, there are usually three options, and each has its own set of unpleasantries. Abortion is a common response to teen pregnancy. Usually teens feel terrible about this option, but pressures from boyfriends, parents, and others can leave a teen feeling as if she has no choice. When one has an abortion because she feels helpless to do otherwise, it sets the stage for a wide variety of emotional and relational problems which can last a lifetime. The second oft chosen alternative is single parenting. Teens in this category are forced to assume adult responsibilities before they are ready, and thus miss many opportunities for socialization which their peers may enjoy. The least popular alternative is adoption, a very loving but difficult choice which may leave the teen mother wondering about the fate of her child for the rest of her life. Needless to say, no teen is really mature enough to effectively deal with any of these outcomes. Sad proof of this is the rising number of teens who choose to hide their pregnancies. A number of teen mothers who have resorted to this subterfuge have been discovered and later found responsible for the fate of their babies -- abandoned or dead -- and now face prison. All this said, it seems wisest to completely avoid activities which may result in an unplanned pregnancy.

There is one other route for pregnant teens that I hesitate to mention because it is rarely the best choice. However it should be noted that some pregnant teens choose to marry. While I commend the desire to provide a two parent home for an expected baby, no woman should ever marry a man simply because he happens to be the sperm donor to the child she is carrying. Now, if the teen is exceptionally mature and there is genuine love and commitment between the two persons, marriage may be a good choice. But few teens are ready for the responsibilities of marriage. The divorce rate for these types of unions is very high.

Another unfortunate but very real consequence of sexual experimentation is the contraction of a sexually transmitted disease. Sex may seem like harmless fun at the time, but STDs can permanently impair reproductive functioning or even cause death. A teen with an STD is more likely to ignore the symptoms, hoping the problem will just "go away." Depending on the type of STD, it may indeed go into a "latency period" only to resurface later when permanent damage has already been done. Most STDs can be cured with medical treatment, but diseases like herpes, HPV, and HIV are incurable. HPV can cause cervical cancer and HIV results in a long, painful death. I have never met a teen who was ready to face the rest of her life with AIDS. Early onset of sexual behavior and multiple sex partners are the number one risk factor for cervical cancer. It's heartbreaking when so many teens have to worry about these issues when they should be enjoying their high school years and planning for college.

I have gotten some negative feedback from teens who claim to be very careful in their sexual behavior and insist that if they want to have sex it's their own business. My questions is this: Can you on your own afford maternity care, a baby, medical complications from an abortion, and/or a long, slow death from AIDS? Or will mom and dad have to foot the bills? If you can't afford to pay for the fallout of your sexual behavior, you owe it to your parents to wait until you can. And even if you can afford it (which would be rare), do you feel ready to deal with any or all of these not-so-unlikely possibilities?

Birth Control Methods

Birth Control Methods

Considerations and Limitations
Below is some basic information about the most commonly used methods of birth control. This is intended as an overview, not as medical advice or as an endorsement of any particular method. As described below, all methods of contraception involve risk of pregnancy, STD, and often side-effects. Only abstinence is 100% effective in preventing pregnancy and STDs. If you have technical health questions about birth control drugs or side-effects, consult your physician or pharmacist. We encourages you to consult your pastor, priest, or rabbi for moral questions about reproductive decisions.
Pregnancy Centers: Don't rely on family planning clinics or pharmaceutical companies to educate your staff and clients about contraceptives.

Condoms for Men
Condoms - made of latex, polyurethane, or natural skin -- are used by men to prevent pregnancy by acting as a barrier against sperm. Condoms are popular because they are inexpensive, help prevent some STDs, can be found in drug stores and vending machines, and are relatively easy to use. Compared to hormonal methods, condoms pose few health risks.

Among couples with average fertility, condoms have about a 14% failure rate annually, but condoms are far less effective when used by teens. Condoms do not protect against STDs like HPV or herpes. And although condoms will help reduce your risk of contracting diseases like HIV, condoms can break, leak, or slip - even if not visibly - which means you are still at risk if your partner is infected. If you choose condoms, keep in mind that on a per usage basis, 2-6% of condoms break or fall off during intercourse, meaning most users will eventually experience a condom break. The odds are that after using condoms continuously for several years, you will eventually experience a surprise pregnancy.

Barrier Methods for Women
These include the diaphragm, cervical cap, female condom, and contraceptive sponge (not available in the US). These methods are used by women and work by acting as a barrier to sperm. The diaphragm and cervical cap are used with spermicide; contraceptive sponge comes with spermicide already applied. All these are more difficult to use correctly than condoms, as proper placement is essential. Both the cap and diaphragm require a visit to the doctor for fitting. These methods have variable failure rates averaging 21-26% per year, and as high as 40% for women who have had children. Teens are more fertile than older adults, which also increases the failure rate of these methods among this age group. These methods offer only modest protection from STDs. In fact, the spermicide used with these methods has been shown to possibly facilitate HIV infection. These methods are most effective when used by couples who have sex less frequently and are committed to using them properly. Keep in mind that with a 21-26% annual failure rate, the odds are that after using any of these methods continuously for several years, you will eventually experience a surprise pregnancy.

Hormonal Methods
These include combined oral contraceptives (the Pill), progestin-only pills (the mini-pill or POPs), Depo-Provera or Lunelle (the Shot), Norplant (implants), contraceptive patches, vaginal rings, some types of IUDs, and Emergency Contraceptive Pills (ECP or Morning-After Pills). These methods primarily work by preventing ovulation and thinning the lining of the uterus to prevent implantation should fertilization occur (more about this). Typical failure rates for these methods range from 1-13% per year (1% for Depo-Provera and 13% for the mini-pill).

Oral contraceptives and Depo-Provera are popular methods due to their ease of use. All hormonal methods typically have some unpleasant side-effects, such as weight gain, depression, skin problems, loss in bone density, and loss of sex drive. Some side effects can be quite serious, such as prolonged bleeding, risk of blood clots, and even death, which is why you should always let your health care providers know if you are using any of these methods. Older women who smoke should not use combined oral contraceptives. After discontinuing combined OCs or Depo-Provera, it may take several months to over a year for normal fertility to return. None of these methods offers protection from STDs like the AIDS virus.

Although these are some of the more effective methods of pregnancy prevention, many women do get pregnant despite proper use. Others get pregnant when they forget a pill or take antibiotics (which can compromise the effectiveness of many homonal methods). Keep in mind that with a 1-13% annual failure rate, the odds are that after using many of these methods continuously for several years, you may eventually experience a surprise pregnancy.

Withdrawal
One popular method for teens is withdrawal (also called the "pull-out" method), which has a failure rate of about 21% for this age group. Effective use of this method requires self-control and practice, which teens are generally lacking, making this a poor choice. This method offers little protection from STDs like the AIDS virus.

Natural Methods
These are methods which require no drugs or chemicals; therefore, they are free from side-effects. Most methods work by determining when a woman is fertile and then avoiding sex at that time (periodic abstinence). This may be accomplished through charting the woman's temperature and/or observing body signals (requires training), or through use of a fertility computer (which can be expensive). These methods have failure rates averaging 17% per year.

Natural methods tend to be most rewarding when both partners are involved, as they require the participation of both during the fertile period. This may be difficult if neither partner has made a long-term commitment to the relationship. Natural methods offer no protection from STDs.

Natural methods are most effective when followed strictly. Keep in mind that with a 17% annual failure rate for typical users, the odds are that after using this method continuously for several years, you will eventually experience a surprise pregnancy.

Abstinence
Abstinence means refraining from any type of sexual activity. Abstinence is the only sure way to avoid pregnancy or sexually transmitted disease. Don't be fooled: oral sex, anal sex, and other similar activities do not count as abstinence. Some of these can still cause pregnancy and STD, and most eventually lead to "plain old" sexual intercourse.

Teen sexual activity and having multiple sex partners is strongly linked to cervical cancer in women. Considering the risk of pregnancy and death from STDs such as AIDS, refraining from sex is a sensible and popular alternative to sexual activity. Half of all women who begin having sex become pregnant within six months. Deciding to abstain is a positive though difficult choice, with many benefits.

There are many times when abstinence within a marriage is necessary, such as after childbirth or surgery, or during natural family planning. Being able to spend some time not having sex can be a valuable experience for both partners, as it gives couples time to explore other aspects of their relationship.

Catholicism and Family Planning

Catholicism and Family Planning


In the past, some people have associated the Catholic religion with very prudent views on sex. Some believed that the Roman Catholic Church frowned upon all acts of sexual activity except for the purpose of procreation. Yet, this belief is somewhat inaccurate. While it is true that the Catholic Church encourages sex for procreation purposes, it also views sex as the ultimate beautiful expression of love between married spouses.


Sex Before Marriage
Followers of the Roman Catholic Church are strongly advised against having sexual relations before getting married. Referred to as fornication, having sex before marriage is considered to be a mortal sin, requiring one to go to confession before they are allowed to take part in Holy Communion again. However, it is not just strictly the act of having sexual intercourse that the Roman Catholic Church advises it followers against; it is any form of sexual activity.

Because engaging in sexual activity may lead to temptation and therefore sex, couples that are not married should not take part in any type of sexual relation. While couples are encouraged to get to know each other intimately, this intimacy refers to a mental and spiritual intimacy. In some instances, physical affection may be displayed through hugging, holding hands, cuddling and perhaps kissing. However, not all church leaders will agree with this type of physical relationship before marriage and promote complete abstenince. Furthermore, living together before marriage is also viewed as morally wrong.


Sex Within Marriage
For Catholics, sex within marriage is a wonderful thing. It not only helps to unite the couple, but also presents the possibility of creating a new life. In the eyes of the Roman Catholic Church, a marriage is the ideal, stable environment in which to raise children. Couples that abide by the Catholic Church belief system are encouraged to have as many children as their circumstances allow. However, the Church also recognizes the need to space children out they certainly don’t expect a woman to constantly be pregnant! For this reason, certain forms of birth control are considered to be acceptable.


Birth Control
Since sex is meant for procreation purposes, married Catholic couples should always be open to the possibility of a pregnancy. While family planning is allowed, the use of contraceptives, both hormonal and barrier, are not. Likewise, tubal ligations and vasectomies for purposes of contraception and sterilization are not acceptable, although they may be done out of medical necessity.

Barrier methods of birth control, such as the condom and the cervical cap, along with hormonal contraceptives, like the birth control pill and Depo-Provera, are thought to interfere with the act of conception. Specifically, they prevent the egg from being fertilized by a sperm and in some cases may inhibit a pregnancy further by preventing the implantation of an egg. To Catholics, purposely stopping the joining of an egg and sperm is thought to be a sin, therefore these forms of birth control are not accepted.

So what can Catholic couples do if they want to space out their children? Natural Family Planning methods are encouraged and supported by the Roman Catholic Church. Natural Family Planning (NFP) is an umbrella term for various forms of birth control that do not involve any hormones or physical barriers to prevent pregnancy, but instead rely on periods of abstinence during a woman’s menstrual cycle. Popular forms of NFP include the rhythm method, basal body temperature charting and the Standard Days Method.

Because NFP is a very involved form of birth control, often requiring regular charting and monitoring of various bodily functions, it is necessary that both partners be dedicated to practicing NFP. It is precisely for this reason that NFP is generally recommended for those in stable, committed relationships. Additionally, those who use NFP often say that this method of contraception helps bring them closer to their partner, as it improves their communication about their bodies and their sexuality.


Abortion
The Roman Catholic Church considers life to begin at conception, when an egg is fertilized by a sperm. Therefore, abortion is seen as a form of murder, making it a sin. Any Catholic that obtains or takes part in an abortion is considered to be excommunicated from the Church, although they may be allowed back if they ask for forgiveness for their sin. In addition to an actual abortion procedure, the Church views other actions, including the use of an IUD, the Morning After Pill, RU-486; embryonic stem cell research, and IVF, as acts of abortion because they have the potential to destroy an embryo. Yet, the Church also distinguishes between what they consider to be a direct abortion and an indirect abortion.

A direct abortion is an act that purposely ends the life of an embryo or fetus. These forms of abortion are always thought to be morally wrong, thus making them a sin. An indirect abortion refers to an act that is used to save a woman’s life but that indirectly causes an unborn child to die. For example, a woman dealing with an ectopic pregnancy would need to have part of her fallopian tube removed in order to save her life. Although the fetus is not destroyed by this act, it will die because it is taken out of the body. However, this type of situation very rarely arises thereby making the majority of abortion procedures a grave sin in the eyes of the Church.

Jewish Family Planning

Jewish Family Planning


In the Jewish religion, sex is viewed as both a means of procreation and as a way of expressing love and solidifying the ties between married partners. Family planning can involve most forms of birth control, although some Jewish people may choose to avoid those forms of contraceptives that have been banned by the Torah.

Sex Before Marriage
Like the Roman Catholic Church, Jewish laws (halacha) state that pre-marital sex is forbidden. However, some Jewish sects, both conservative and liberal, have started to change their stance on this issue. Some groups have begun to take steps to discern between those pre-marital relations that involve non-committed partners who are promiscuous and those relationships that are considered to be meaningful, committed and sacred to the individuals involved. For these groups, sex within a committed, non-married relationship is more acceptable than promiscuous sex. The reason for the change in attitude is likely due to the increase in couples choosing to co-habitat before they get married.

Of course, this is not to say that all Jewish followers hold this view. According to the laws of the Torah, Orthodox Jews are prohibited from having sex before marriage and abstinence holds true. In fact, they choose to not touch at all before their marriage night.

Sex Within Marriage
Having sex within marriage is viewed as a sanctified act by the Jewish religion. According to the Torah, marriage is the essential channel through which individuals can obtain companionship, intimacy and love. While sex can most certainly be for procreation purposes, it is also meant to help strengthen the bonds between spouses. Therefore, a married couple is free to have sex specifically for the sake of enjoying each other and expressing love for one another; the possibility of a child does not always have to be considered when having sex.

However, Jewish laws say that sex should be avoided from the start of a woman’s menstrual cycle (the first day she bleeds) through to the seventh day after her bleeding has stopped, at which time she must purify herself through a ritual bath, known as a mikvah. Although this is outlined in Jewish law, nowadays only a minority of Jews, most of whom are Orthodox, strictly follow this law.

Birth Control
Jewish couples may use certain forms of birth control if they wish. However, because the Torah has been interpreted to say that a Jewish man should have at least one son and one daughter, Jewish law states that men should not destroy or waste their "seed" (sperm). For this reason, barrier methods of contraception, vasectomies, and the withdrawal method are discouraged (although a condom may be used if its intended purpose is to protect against STDs). Use of hormonal forms of birth control, including the birth control pill, as well as Natural Family Planning methods, are acceptable in the Jewish religion, but only in certain instances.

Jewish law permits the use of birth control in young women and those women who are nursing as well as those couples who already have at least one boy and one girl. In practice, though, the majority of Jews, primarily those who are non-Orthodox, use whatever type of birth control that they prefer, regardless of whether their method "wastes seed." Orthodox Jews, on the other hand, are much more likely to follow Jewish laws when it comes to birth control. However, there are some Orthodox Jewish people that do not believe in the use of birth control at all, as they feel that only God can decide for them how big (or small) their family should be.

Abortion
Unlike the Catholic religion, which believes life starts at conception, the Jewish religion dictates that a child is not human until the head emerges from the womb. Therefore, the act of abortion is acceptable, but only under certain circumstances. For Jewish people, abortion is never okay if it is done because of a genetic problem with the fetus. On the other hand, if the mother’s life or health is at risk, then abortion may be permissible.

In general, the Jewish religion does support a woman’s right to access abortion but believes that each and every case must be assessed by a rabbi. Furthermore, Conservative, Reconstructionist, Reform Jews and some Orthodox sects are officially opposed to government involvement and regulation of abortion. In their opinion, the decision to have an abortion should be made by the woman with the assistance of her husband, her doctor and her clergyperson.

Islamic Family Planning

Islamic Family Planning


While Islamic views on sex before and within marriage are quite similar to other religions, followers of Islam have perhaps the most options when it comes to the use of birth control. In fact, for those Muslims that are using birth control, Islam places very few restrictions on the use of contraceptives.

Sex Before Marriage
In the Islamic religion, rules regarding pre-marital relations are quite simple: no relations of any sort are allowed between the sexes. While both the Jewish and Catholic religions allow a courtship to take place between a woman and a man (although abstinence is recommended during this time), the Islamic religion does not. This likely leads many people to wonder, "So how do people get married in this religion?"

In Islam, marriage occurs through family involvement, prayer, and careful thought and consideration. When an individual feels that they are ready to marry, they approach their family who will set about finding them a potential mate. Once a suitor is chosen, a chaperoned meeting is arranged so that a man and woman may get to know each other. A chaperone is necessary so that neither will be tempted to behave inappropriately during this meeting. If either the man or the woman are not happy with the potential suitor picked out for them, they can choose to call off the marriage and their family will set about to try and find another match.

Islam views sex before and outside of marriage very harshly. In some cases, Sharia Law (the governing and religious laws behind Islam) calls for the execution by stoning of individuals who have sex outside of marriage. However, it is very important to note that not all countries with predominately Muslim religions enforce this sentence. Many Muslim countries have gotten rid of it all together while others keep it on the books but do not actually enforce it. While some countries do still strictly follow Sharia Law, there is increasing pressure from other countries, as well as from other Muslims, to stop these practices.

Sex Within Marriage
Not surprisingly, like the Jewish and Catholic faiths, Islam views sexual relations between a wife and husband as an ideal expression of love. Sex between married spouses is both for the sexual pleasure of each partner as well as for procreation. All forms of sexual expression, from intercourse to caressing and kissing, are encouraged between partners. The only stipulation according to the Qur’an is that intercourse should not take place while a woman is menstruating. However, other forms of sexual pleasure are allowed, so long as a woman’s genitals are avoided.
Birth Control
Almost all forms of birth control are thought to be permissible in Islam. Those that are not accepted include surgical sterilization (unless it is medically necessary), as it is viewed as a form of castration as well as alters the body without need, and the withdrawal method, because it interrupts a woman’s pleasure and prevents a woman from conceiving if that is what she wants. However, the withdrawal method may be used if the woman agrees to it.

Birth control use may be allowed for various women. Instances when Islam permits the use of contraception include:

• Allowing a woman to rest between pregnancies
• Preventing the transmission of infectious disease, such as an STD
• A women’s health requires the use of birth control
• A husband cannot financially support more children

Abortion
There is some disagreement among Islamic scholars as to whether or not the Qur’an allows abortions to take place and, if so, when. The cause for the confusion lies in the following verse: "You should not kill your children for fear of want" (17:31 and 6:151). Some have interpreted this verse to mean that all birth control and abortion should be banned. However, many Islamic leaders and scholars say that this interpretation is incorrect. The verse in fact refers to infanticide and killing a child that has been born due to poverty. With that in mind, most say that abortion is in fact legal under Islamic law, so long as it is done before ensoulment. Precisely when the soul enters the body, though, is often debated.

Some Islamic schools feel that ensoulment occurs when an embryo has implanted itself into the womb (although this still allows for the use of the "Morning After Pill" to prevent a pregnancy). Others say it occurs much later, anywhere from 40 days after fertilization to 120 days after fertilization. While the various schools may have differing opinions as to when ensoulment occurs, they all agree that abortion should not take place once the soul has entered the body. They also agree that abortion should not be performed for vain reasons, such as trying to keep your figure, but out of necessity, such as saving the life of the mother.

Birth Control Guide

Birth Control Guide


Birth control has been around, in some form, for thousands of years. In this section you'll find detailed information about all of the common forms of birth control used today as well as in depth information on responsible sexual choices, and even birth control technology of the future.

Barrier Methods for Women: Barrier methods are some of the oldest methods of birth control. Women in ancient Egypt used vaginal suppositories to prevent pregnancy. However, unlike the sponges of today and modern spermicides, Egyptian women concocted their vaginal suppositories out of crocodile dung and honey. Modern devices include the traditional diaphragm as well as its smaller counterparts, the FemCap cervical cap and Lea's Shield. For protection against many sexually transmitted diseases, the female condom is now a reality.

Natural Methods: These methods are also termed "periodic abstinence" because a women abstains from sex on days that she is fertile. Natural methods require no drugs or internal devices. These include methods that use charts, such as the symptothermal method and the ovulation mucus method, as well as calendar-based methods, such as the antiquated rhythm method and its successor, the new standard days method (also known as CycleBeads).

Hormonal Contraceptives: Hormonal methods include all contraceptives that use synthetic female hormones as birth control. The oldest of these is The Pill, which includes combined oral contraceptive pills and the newer estrogen-free mini-pill. These same hormones are used in the OrthoEvra patch and the Nuva vaginal ring. Lunelle is one type of birth control shot available along with Depo-provera, an estrogen-free three-month birth control injection. Read about the controversy surrounding the mechanisms of all hormonal contraceptives.

Long Term Birth Control: For women who are interested in worry-free birth control that lasts a year or more, the IUD is often recommended by doctors. Norplant implants last up to five years but are no longer available in the U.S., although women elsewhere may be able to obtain them. Similar to Norplant, Implanon has recently been approved for use in the U.S. Women who want no more children may opt for a tubal ligation, but keep in mind this is permanent and not easily reversed.

Methods for Men: When it comes to reversible methods for men, condoms are the only option. Condoms are popular because they are easy to use and inexpensive. Made of latex, plastic, or natural animal tissues, condoms can prevent both pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease. For men who are sure they want no more children, vasectomy is a surgical option. While this birth control should be seen as permanent, it is possible to get a vasectomy reversal.

Birth Control Issues: See our chart of birth control comparisons to educate yourself about effective and ineffective methods, like withdrawal (the pull-out method). Learn about safe versus safer sex and what to do when contraception fails. See our important facts about hormonal-based emergency contraceptives and elective abortion. Some contraceptive methods may increase your risk of dangerous blood clots. If you use the birth control patch, or are considering it, take a look at Problems with the Patch to learn more. And if you've found that your libido seems to have waned since starting the pill, then you'll want to read Birth Control Controlling Your Sex Drive?

Responsible Sex: Making good choices about sex is often easier said than done. Read our article about responsible sexual choices and you to understand the issues related to your choice to become sexually active. Abstinence is the best way to prevent unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease, but there are many reasons why waiting is hard, especially when it seems like sex is everywhere. A beauty queen tells us why she is choosing to save sex until her wedding night.

The Future of Birth Control: As technology continues to advance, the science of contraception advances as well. Fertility monitors are small computers widely used in Europe to predict when it is safe to have sex, without any drugs or devices. A new birth control pill is on the horizon that promises freedom from menstruation. Also read about other new methods under development.

Religious Views: For many people, their choices surrounding family planning revolve around their religious beliefs. But do all religions have the same viewpoint when it comes to procreation as well as sex both inside and outside of the institution of marriage? Here we look at common religions, including Catholicism, Judaism, and Islam, and their values when it comes to sex, birth control, and abortion.

Improving Your Fertility

Improving Your Fertility


Helping Fertility Naturally
Having a baby can be the one of the most exciting times in a couple’s life. From conception to birth, pregnancy is usually a happy and joyful journey. But if you are having difficulties conceiving, the pregnancy journey can become fraught with complications and worries. On top of all this, medications and fertility treatments can be extremely off-putting and expensive. If you and your partner are struggling with fertility issues, you may want to look into ways that you can help to improve your fertility naturally.

What is Fertility?
Fertility simply refers to a couple’s chances of becoming pregnant. If you are fertile, than there is a good chance that you will become pregnant at some point in time. Though pregnancy may not happen right away, if both a man and a woman are fertile, they will conceive a child eventually. Certain factors play a key role in determining fertility. In order for a woman to be fertile she must produce a viable egg during each monthly cycle. In order for a man to be fertile he must be able to produce strong and healthy sperm that can fertilize this egg.

Though being fertile may sound easy enough, it’s actually quite complicated. This is because so many factors play a role in contributing to fertility. Things like diet, exercise, and overall health all have a huge impact on fertility. This is one of the reasons why so many couples in the United States face fertility problems. In fact, it is thought that about 1 in 6 American couples will have difficulty conceiving a child.

First Steps to Fertility
If you are interested in improving your fertility, one of the most important steps is to monitor for when you are most fertile. Many couples have difficulty getting pregnant because they are having intercourse at times when the woman isn’t ovulating. This can make it surprisingly difficult to conceive.

There are a number of different ways that you can monitor your fertility. It is a good idea to start by monitoring your basal body temperature. This will help you to determine exactly when you are ovulating – your basal body temperature will increase when you are ready to release an egg. Keep a fertility calendar so that you know when you are ovulating. It is important to have sexual intercourse just before an egg is released, in order to maximize your chances of becoming pregnant.

There are a number of natural family planning methods that can also help you to become pregnant. Keeping track of your cervical mucus and using the rhythm method will help you to become more aware of your body’s natural cycle. Try keeping a fertility chart – this will raise your fertility awareness, allowing you to pinpoint when you are actually ovulating. You may also want to look into purchasing a fertility monitor, which can help you keep track of your conception calendar and dates.

Sexual Positions
If you are having difficulty becoming pregnant, you and your partner may want to experiment with different conception positions during intercourse. In order to become pregnant, your partner must deposit his sperm as close as possible to your cervix. Certain positions will allow this to happen more easily. Avoid having sex while standing, sitting, or with you on top, as this can cause semen to leak out of your body. Instead, try the missionary position, which allows for deeper penetration. Rear entry intercourse is also effective, as it allows your partner to deposit semen closer to your cervix. To keep any extra semen from leaking out of you, try elevating your hips for fifteen minutes or so after your have sex.

Eating Right
Though you may not believe it, eating right plays an important role in your body’s fertility. A balanced diet helps to regulate hormones and nourish your reproductive system. A good diet also helps you to maintain a healthy weight, which can greatly impact fertility. Women who are underweight or overweight may have a harder time becoming pregnant because body fat levels impact the production of sex hormones.

It is especially important to include certain vitamins and minerals in your diet. Try to include:

• Vitamin C and Antioxidants: these vitamins prevent sperm defects and boost sperm motility. They also reduce stress on your eggs and reproductive organs.
• Zinc: zinc deficiencies have been linked with reduced testosterone and semen levels.
• Calcium and Vitamin D: A daily, therapeutic dose of these nutrients have been shown to help increase male fertility.

Certain foods and chemicals should be avoided if you are having troubles becoming pregnant. Cut back on:

• Alcohol: alcohol can reduce your fertility levels by up to 50%. It can also decrease sperm count and increase the production of abnormal sperm.
• Caffeine: caffeine, found in coffee, teas, cola, and chocolate, has been shown to reduce both male and female fertility levels. As little as one cup of coffee a day can cut your chances of conception in half.
• Xenoestrogens: xenoestrogens are estrogens found in environmental chemicals and pesticides. Produce and other foods can have high levels of xenoestrogens, which, if ingested, may disturb your balance of hormones. Imbalaced hormones are often the cause of fertility issues.

Exercise
Moderate exercise can also be a good natural fertility treatment. When combined with a balanced and nutritious diet, exercise can help you to maintain a healthy body weight. Excess body fat can increase the amount of estrogen in your body, throwing the female fertility cycle out of balance. Exercise helps to burn off this excess body fat, allowing hormone levels to return to normal. It is best not to overdo exercise though - over exercising can actually impair fertility. Try low impact aerobic workouts like walking, swimming, and cycling.

Herbs
If you are having difficulty becoming pregnant you and your partner may want to look to herbs for fertility. Herbs have been used to promote fertility for thousands of years and can be considered to be a form of natural fertility medication. Because herbs can be very potent, it is important to speak with a registered naturopath before taking any herbal supplements.

• Chasteberry: This herb works to increase fertility by stimulating the pituitary gland. This is the gland responsible for producing sex hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. Chasteberry should help fertility by balancing the sex hormones.
• Dong Quai: Dong Quai is a Chinese fertility herb, long-used to solve menstrual difficulties. It also helps to balance estrogen levels in the body and improve chances of implantation.

Infertility

Infertility


Reproductive Aged Population Affected: 9%
About 5.3 million people in the U.S. suffer from infertility, affecting men and women equally. The average couple attempting conception has about a 20% chance of conceiving per menstrual cycle. This means that it is unlikely that a pregnancy will result after the first or even second month of trying. However, 95% of couples do conceive within 13 months. The minority who do not become pregnant after a year's time still have a good chance -- only about a quarter of these will never conceive. Indeed, the average "infertile" couple will experience a pregnancy, whether or not they seek out infertility testing and treatment.

Chances of Pregnancy by Day of Intercourse

day zero is ovulation
-5 : 0%
-4 : 11%
-3 : 15%
-2 : 20%
-1 : 26%
0 : 15%
1 : 9%
2 : 5%
3: 0%


Factors Affecting Reproductive Performance - Why it May be Difficult to Get Pregnant

Age of the Woman: Beginning her late thirties a woman may take longer to conceive, due in part to decreasing sexual activity and the cumulative effects of medical and gynecological problems.

Age of the Man: Although sperm remain potent even in old age, older men are more likely to experience problems with sexual function and also a decreased frequency of sexual activity.

Frequency of Intercourse: Many couples simply don't have sex often enough to conceive.

Timing of Intercourse: Intercourse just before ovulation is the key to maximizing the chances of pregnancy. Although the egg will live for only 12 hours, sperm live for about 72 hours in the female genital tract. Waiting sperm can allow for immediate fertilization upon ovulation. See above table for chances of pregnancy by day of intercourse.

Coital Technique: The best position for intercourse is when the woman is lying on her back, with hips elevated by a pillow. She should remain in this position for twenty minutes following intercourse to allow more time for sperm to migrate into the uterus and fallopian tubes

Lubricants: Some lubricants, like K-Y Jelly, may have spermicidal properties. And some couples may mistakenly use spermicides as sexual lubricants.

Douching: Though not very effective as a form of birth control, douching may kill enough sperm in couples with marginal fertility to prevent conception.

Multiple Sexual Partners: The more sexual partners a woman has, the more likely is her risk for sexually transmitted disease, pelvic inflammatory disease, and other conditions which can damage the reproductive structures. Also multiple sexual partners is thought to be a factor in women who develop antibodies to sperm.

Sexually Transmitted Disease: STDs are the leading cause of infertility. Chlamydia and gonorrhea cause infertility in both men and women. HPV can damage the cervix. Other STDs can also cause damage. [More on Sexually Transmitted Disease and PID.]

Parasites and Other Diseases: Toxoplasmosis, malaria, leprosy, and tuberculosis, though uncommon in the United States, can be a cause of infertility. Mumps can cause infertility in a small fraction of men.

Previous Pregnancy: Problems with delivery or abortion can result in infection. Laceration, uterine injury, hemorrhaging which requires hysterectomy, as well as emotional trauma from a difficult experience can all impair future fertility. Stress from raising small children or post-abortion stress can also contribute to infertility.

Sickle Cell Disease: Sickle cell disease can cause impotence in men, and miscarriage in women.

Nutrition: A drop below 10-15% of a woman's body weight can interfere with fertility. A woman should have at least 22% body fat to maintain regular ovulation. Eating disorders can be a major cause of infertility.

Toxins: Lead, toxic fumes, and pesticides are thought to be contributing factors for infertility in men and women.

Smoking & Alcohol: Both of these are associated with poor sperm quality in men and lower conception rates in women. Smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy also negatively affect the unborn child and may result in low birth weight babies.

Medications: Many drugs can cause impaired fertility in both men and women, including antidepressants, tranquilizers, and narcotics. Anti-cancer drugs can cause ovarian and testicular failure temporarily or permanently. Additionally, many drugs can cause miscarriage or fetal defect once pregnancy has begun. Avoiding all medications while attempting to conceive and during pregnancy is best whenever possible.

Surgery: Any surgery involving the reproductive structures can lead to infertility. Talk to your doctor in detail about the implications of the surgery on future reproductive functioning beforehand. Of course, surgical sterilization will usually cause infertility and should be considered permanent.

Radiation: Radiation exposure, especially the levels associated with cancer treatment, can cause infertility in both women and men. High doses can cause miscarriage or fetal defect in pregnant women.

Athletics: Some highly trained female athletes may experience reversible lack of menstruation and ovulation. There's no evidence that endurance training leads to male infertility.

Heat Exposure: Men who take frequent hot showers or whirlpool treatments, and men whose jobs involves high degrees of heat for long periods of time may subject the scrotum to temperatures high enough to temporarily reduce sperm production.

Tight Clothing: Men's briefs and tight pants have been thought to have the same effect on sperm as heat exposure and hot baths, however there is no scientific evidence for this hypothesis.

Birth Control: Hormonal methods of birth control can lead to temporary infertility. The IUD puts women at risk of PID which can cause infertility, especially among non-monogamous couples. As expected, surgical sterilization will usually cause infertility and should be considered permanent. Multiple abortions are also linked to impaired fertility.

Female Reproductive System

Female Reproductive System


Understanding your reproductive system is an important part of knowing how to prevent or increase your chances of pregnancy. While most women know the basics, many don’t realize that there is more to your reproductive system than just your period.

Ovulation and the Menstrual Cycle
Every month, your body goes through normal and natural changes that assist your ovaries in releasing an egg, which may or may not get fertilized during the month. This process is known as the menstrual cycle. Day one of your cycle is the first day of menstruation; this is the first day that you bleed during your period. The length of your cycle can vary every month. To determine your cycle’s length, simply count the days from the first day of your period up to, but not including, the first day of your next period. The average woman’s menstrual cycle last about 28 days but it is perfectly normal for your cycle to last anywhere from 24 to 34 days.

The typical menstrual cycle begins with your period during which time your low hormone levels signal to your body to begin producing more hormones. Although your egg follicles will begin to develop as many as 20 eggs, only one will mature and be released into your fallopian tube about halfway through your menstrual cycle. The process of your egg follicles releasing the egg is known as ovulation. On average, ovulation occurs 14 days before the start your period. However, it is normal for a woman to ovulate anywhere from 12 to 18 days before menstruation.

This increase in hormones not only helps to develop an egg but also your endometrium (the lining of the uterus), which becomes thicker and more suitable for implantation of a fertilized egg. Your cervical mucus also changes as your cycle progresses, going from dry and thick at the start of your cycle to thin and slippery around the time of ovulation. This thinner cervical mucus will make it easier for sperm to swim towards the fallopian tubes and the released egg.

Once an egg has been released, the sides of the fallopian tube periodically spasm aiding the egg in traveling down the tube towards the uterus. If the egg fails to be fertilized during this time, it will break up once it reaches the uterus. Additionally, since your thickened endometrium is also no longer needed as there is no fertilized egg to implant itself into the lining, the lining will shed over a period of three to eight days. This discharge is what makes up your menstrual flow.

A Woman’s Reproductive System
Your reproductive organs are comprised of a vagina, a cervix, a uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. All of these organs work together to help you menstruate, conceive and carry a baby to term.

The uterus located in a woman's abdomen, is a hollow, elastic reproductive organ, where a baby develops during pregnancy.

Vagina: This tube like structure connects your internal reproductive organs with your external genitalia. It ends at the cervix and is the point of entry for the penis during sex as well as the final passageway through which a baby exits when it is born.

Cervix: This part of your reproductive organs is situated between the vagina and uterus. It secretes mucus that can help or obstruct sperm from fertilizing an egg. The cervix is the opening that sperm must pass through in order to get to an egg. A baby must also go through the cervix as it exits the uterus and enters the vagina.

Uterus: Also known as the womb, the uterus is a muscular organ made up of three layers: the peritoneum (outer layer), myometrium (middle layer)and endometrium (inner lining). An egg that has been fertilized will implant itself into the endometrium lining and will continue to develop in the uterus throughout the pregnancy.

Fallopian Tubes: The fallopian tubes extend off the upper sides of the uterus and lead up to the ovaries. They have 20 to 25 finger-like structures on their ends that hover just above the ovaries and work to collect the mature egg when it is released. It is in the fallopian tubes that fertilization of the egg will take place.

Ovaries: Women usually have two ovaries, one on each side of the uterus. Ovaries are the storing house for your egg follicles; every month, one of these egg follicles will mature and release an egg into the fallopian tubes. The ovaries are also responsible for producing estrogen and progesterone, which are vital for proper reproductive function.


Conception and Pregnancy
Once an egg has been released from the ovaries, it will begin to travel down the fallopian tubes towards the uterus. As it advances towards the uterus, it begins to produce an enzyme that helps to attract and guide any sperm that may have been ejaculated into the female reproductive system during sex.

Although a man releases millions of sperm when he ejaculates during orgasm, only a few hundred will be able to make it all the way from the cervix up into the uterus and then into the correct fallopian tube. Just one sperm will then be able to make its way through your eggs tough coating to fertilize the egg. The fertilized egg will then continue traveling down the fallopian tube to the uterus. Once in the uterus, the egg will implant itself into the endometrial lining and officially become an embryo. Your body will also probably start letting you know that it is pregnant now.


Trying to Conceive
A woman is fertile only for a few days during each menstrual cycle. If you are trying to conceive, it is a good idea to chart and monitor the changes in your body every month. This will help you identify just when ovulation is taking place. Charting your monthly changes can also be beneficial to those women who are trying to avoid pregnancy. If you know when you are ovulating, you can know when to abstain from sex or use birth control.

You are most likely to become pregnant if you have sex on or near the time of ovulation. Once ovulation has occurred, there is only about a 24-hour window in which the egg can be fertilized. However, while an egg has a very limited lifespan, sperm can remain viable inside a woman anywhere from three to seven days. Therefore, a woman is thought to be most fertile from several days before to one day after she has ovulated.

Plastic Surgery Alternatives

Plastic Surgery Alternatives


Beauty & Health: Plastic Surgery Alternatives & Anti Aging Products
Plastic surgery is a costly beauty treatment and may not be the best solution for you, if you're looking to enhance you're natural beauty without looking to go under the knife. But, don't fret. A variety of plastic surgery alternatives and anti-aging products are available at reasonable prices to you that will bring astonishing results. Fading the flaws left by aging. According to Dr. Pat Wexler, one of the country's renowned dermatologists, you can achieve a younger and healthy looking appearance without the need of a facelift.

Before jumping into a pool of natural ingredients and grabbing you're alternative skin remedy, you need to determine the affects aging has on your skin. In other words, are you a sinker of a sagger?

Sinkers are individuals who notice a difference in their facial appearance in their 20s. They tend to develop crows feet – thin lines branching from the corners of the eyes – and thin lines around their lips and on their cheeks. Saggers are individuals who will notice fat pads emerging under the eyes, their brow line lowering, and their jaw line appears more squared. In general saggers experience a drift of fat downwards.

Is it better to be a sagger or a sinker? According to Dr. Wexler, if you're a sinker you can enhance your sunken looking cheeks by injecting fat taken from your upper leg into your face. This will give you a fuller and healthier appearance.

However, if you're looking for more gentle and less invasive procedure, regardless of whether you're a sinker of sagger, you should start with the "miracle" anti-aging cream…sunscreen.

Yup, that's right ladies, start applying on the sunscreen all year around. Look for the miraculous new ingredient, Parsol, that protects your skin against harmful UVA and UVB rays that rapidly causes you're skin to age and wrinkle while increasing your risk of skin cancer. Dr. Wexler advises a minimum of SPF 30 if you're planning to spend time outdoors. If you don't like the greasy feeling left after applying regular sunscreen try using a moisturizer with SPF protection.


Other Treatments
Thermolift or ThermaCool: This fairly new targeted energy treatment uses infrared light and/or radiofrequency waves to tighten and lift sagging skin and soften out winkles by massaging the deep layers of the skin. This procedure typically takes an hour to complete and may cause some redness by has no adverse side effects.


Muscle Relaxer (Botox): Botox injections work well at temporarily reducing wrinkles, tightening necklines and upper lids. The injections block the chemicals that cause the muscle to contract. Since the muscles are temporarily paralyzed, the skin appears smoother and younger looking. How effective this anti-aging procedure will be for you, depends on the depth of your wrinkles and your skin type. However, too much Botox can leave a frozen and inexpressive expression on your face.

Skin care creams: Skin care creams can be a good option for those looking to spend less. You can help improve your appearance, perhaps not dramatically, but marginally by using anti-aging skin care products. For smoothing the creases near your eyes apply an active eye cream that contain anti aging ingredients such as vitamin C, E, or B5, peptides or other antioxidants such as Coenzyme Q10. For other wrinkles around your lips and on your cheeks apply active creams with similar anti-aging ingredients.

Plastic Surgery

Plastic Surgery


Thinking of cosmetic surgery but are unsure of the risks and benefits? Our Plastic Surgery section explores many issues related to some of the most popular types of plastic surgery.

Thinking of breast augmentation? Learn about the process at Breast Enhancement Surgery. Studies have found a link between breast expansion surgery and the rate of suicide among women. Learn more about this issue at Breast Augmentation and Suicide.

Is there a link between breast implants and breast cancer among women? Read an article about recent studies assessing some of the risks of breast implants.

Perhaps you're interested in losing weight and improving the overall appearance of your body? Then you should definately read our sections on tummy tucks and liposuction. If you're interested in anti aging procedures, you might want to look at the pros and cons of facelift surgery and of brow lift surgery.

Many men and women prefer a more natural approach to anti aging beauty and seek plastic surgery alternatives in order to improve their appearance. Find out how to live an anti aging lifestyle to maintain overall health and minimize the signs of aging.

Breast Implants

Breast Implants


Plastic Surgery: Is There a Link Between Breast Implants and Cancer?
Breast implants may help enhance a woman’s confidence and self-image. This may explain why breast augmentation or breast enhancement surgery has become increasingly popular over the decades.

Nearly 2 million women underwent breast augmentation surgery since the option became available in the plastic surgery market in the early 1960s. But the question remains: do breast implants pose a higher risk of breast cancer?

According to a recent study in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, no. Breast implants are not linked to an increased risk of breast cancer. The study, similar to others, suggests that women with breast implants are actually less likely to get breast cancer than women without implants. So is there a downside?


Breast Implants Studies
Researchers have found that breast implants do more than help women become comfortable with their bodies. Women who have breast implants tend to be more health-conscious, plan more pregnancies, and have children earlier in life. All these factors, according to many researchers, help decrease the risk of breast cancer.

Yes, that’s right. Breast implants are more than image boosters. They can also add a dose of happiness and increase the overall sense of well-being in an individual. But, keep in mind, happiness like beauty comes from the soul. While breast implants may aid in a healthy lifestyle for some, they on their own don’t take the ‘un’ out of unhealthy habits.

What researchers did find is that the detection of breast cancer took longer in women with implants than in women without implants, and that self breast examinations as well as mammography was more difficult to perform in women with breast implants. This finding is important because the earlier the diagnosis of breast cancer, the more successful the treatment. In fact, if breast cancer is diagnosed and treated in its first stage, 90% to 95% of the patients are said to be cured within 10 years.


Other NCI Findings About Breast Implants
The study found that women who underwent breast implant surgery may be more likely to develop lung cancer. However, the link between lung cancer and breast implants may be explained by the smoking habits and lifestyle of the women who took part in the NCI study rather than by the breast implants themselves.

Since no other significant increase in the risk of any cancer was found in women with breast implants, it may be safe to say that implants don’t directly increase your risks of developing cancers. That said, what other issues should women planning to get implants be aware of?


Deciding to Get Breast Implants
Women deciding to undergo breast implant surgery need to be aware of the number of choices they face. This includes issues such as choosing the plastic surgeon, the hospital, the type of implant, and the risks associated with breast surgery.


Types of Breast Implants
Common types of breast implants include saline and silicone implants. Saline implants consist mainly of salt-water, whereas the silicone implants contain a gel-like substance. Both types have their own risks and benefits.

The major concern of silicone implants is leakage of gel if they rupture, whereas salt-water is considered fairly harmless if saline breast implants rupture.

The major benefit of silicone implants, however, is that they look more natural and are suitable for women who don’t have a lot of soft breast tissue.


Background Information on Silicone Implants
Silicone implants received a lot of scrutiny in the early 1990s. Some women claimed that the implants led to connective tissue disorders and other related illness. In 1992, the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) banned the silicone implants due to safety concerns. However, in November 2006, the FDA re-approved the procedure because they did not find any link between the use of silicone implants and breast cancer.


Other Risks of Breast Implants
Although, both the FDA and NCI report that breast implants are safe and carry no extra risk of cancer, women should be aware of some known risks associated with the surgery. These risks include influencing the ability to breastfeed, affecting the safety of breast milk, the possibility of a gel leak and the risk of suicide among women with breast implants.

Preventing Wrinkles

Preventing Wrinkles


Wrinkles. Some women call them badges of honor, while others think they're just plain annoying.

But how do wrinkles form? What foods are key in wrinkle prevention? And what kinds of anti-aging skin creams and skin care products can help treat wrinkles?

Causes of Wrinkles
There are many factors that contribute to the development of wrinkles.

Free radicals are molecules that lead to the degeneration of collagen, a protein found in the skin that keeps it elastic and healthy-looking. Free radicals are found in the UV radiation in sunlight, smoking and air pollution.

Changes in hormones also produce changes in the skin. Menopause and decreased estrogen production can affect the skins elasticity and also cause fine lines.

Muscle use, including everyday expressions like frowning and smiling, also leads to wrinkles while the effects of gravity loosen the skin, causing it to sag.


How Wrinkles Form
As we age, the cells in the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin that protects us from the elements) become increasingly thin and decreasingly sticky. As a result, our aging skin becomes thinner and drier; cells divide more slowly, meaning that the natural repairing mechanisms in the skin work less quickly.

Changes also occur in the dermis, the second layer of the skin, where the connective tissue is found. The connective tissue controls the strength and elasticity of the skin, as well as the proteins found in it.

In our aging skin, the dermis becomes thinner and collagen production is decreased. Elastin fibers decline, leading to decreased elasticity.


Wrinkle-Fighting Foods
Foods that are high in antioxidants help counteract a decrease in collagen, elasticity and firmness in aging skin.

Tomatoes are an excellent wrinkle prevention food because they contain lycopene, a substance that also decreases the risk of developing cancer. Red peppers have loads of Vitamin A and Vitamin E, as well as bioflavonoids, which moisturize and heal the skin. Beets and carrots (and other red and dark orange vegetables) are also great foods to consume if you want to prevent wrinkles.

Also rich in antioxidants, kale also contains iron that helps bring oxygen to the skin and vitamin A that wards off premature aging. Blueberries are another excellent source of antioxidants.

Salmon contains a high amount of omega-3 fatty acids that reduces inflammation and lubricates the skin.

Its also important not to smoke and to drink four to six glasses of water a day in order to keep your skin looking young and wrinkle free.


Sunscreen
Proper skin care is central to in the prevention of lines and wrinkles.

UVA and UVB exposure causes 90% of all symptoms of premature skin aging, including wrinkles.

While sunscreen is a womans best weapon against developing wrinkles, most women dont apply enough, apply it frequently enough or use a high enough level of UV protection.

Most people apply only 25 to 30% of the recommended amount of sunscreen. Sunscreen should be applied liberally, and should cover all parts of the body, including ears, hands and feet.

Sunscreen should be applied every two to four hours. Experts recommend using sunscreen with protection against UVA and UVB exposure and with a minimum SPF of 15. Look for a sunscreen that also contains zinc oxide, avobenzone or titanium dioxide to help keep your skin wrinkle free.


Anti-Wrinkle Treatment
If you already have wrinkles, then anti-wrinkle creams are a good option.

Retin A is used in a lot of anti-aging skin creams and helps reduce the appearance of fine lines and other wrinkles.

Alpha hydroxy acids, often found in chemical peels, which are derived from fruit and milk sugars, exfoliate the skin and promote new cell growth in the epidermis. The most popular alpha hydroxyl acids are glycolic and lactic acid.

If youre looking for a more drastic wrinkle removal procedure, Botox injections help relax the muscles and reduce the appearance of fine lines, including laugh lines and crows feet. The effects of Botox last from three to six months.

Collagen injections improve the elasticity of the skin and also minimize the appearance of wrinkles; their effects last approximately three to four months.

Varicose Veins and Spider

Varicose Veins and Spider


Spider and varicose veins can be embarrassing and even painful for women (and men). Many women with these veins avoid wearing bathing suits or short skirts because they feel self-conscious about their varicose veins. But what causes varicose veins and how can they be treated?

Spider and varicose veins are enlarged, swollen veins that are blue, purple and flesh in color.

Fifty to fifty-five percent of American women have varicose veins compared to 40-45% of American men. One in two people 50 years old and older in the United States has varicose veins.

But what are varicose and spider veins? What causes them? And what treatments are available?

Veins are blood vessels that carry blood to the heart from the tissues.

Varicose veins are swollen, twisted veins that are visible just under the surface of the skin. They form when blood flow in the veins slows due to a weakened valve. A valve is a one-way flap that stops blood from flowing backwards. When this happens, blood collects, and a varicose vein develops.

Though varicose veins can appear all over the body, they are usually found in the legs. This is because of the natural downward flow of blood in the body. Varicose veins are also found in the legs because of the effects of gravity and because of body weight pressure.

Spider veins are more superficial varicose veins that resemble spider webs or tree branches. They are found in the capillaries, which are the smallest blood vessels. Spider veins are usually found in the legs and face.

There are two main causes of spider and varicose veins: heredity and pregnancy.

Pregnancy leads to an increased amount of blood in the body, which in turn leads to vein expansion and therefore the increased possibility of developing varicose veins. Pregnancy also results in the growth of the uterus, which puts more pressure on veins. Hemorrhoids are varicose veins located in the anus area that commonly appear during pregnancy. Varicose veins that result because of pregnancy usually diminish three months after giving birth.

There are other risk factors which increase a person’s chance of developing varicose veins: sun exposure, especially for those with fair skin, often results in varicose veins on the cheeks and nose; aging is another factor which increases the risk of varicose veins.

Hormones can also impact whether a person develops varicose veins; hormonal changes during puberty, pregnancy and menopause, as well as the use of birth control pills, affect the level of estrogen and progesterone in the body, which can lead to varicose veins.

Obesity, leg injuries, standing or sitting for long periods of time, and crossing your legs can also result in varicose veins because they diminish the strength of the vein valves.

To decrease the risk of developing varicose veins use sunscreen. Wearing support hose can also help. Controlling your weight reduces pressure on your legs while elevating your legs while resting is also advisable. Tight clothing should be avoided. Foods that are high in salt should also not be consumed often as they lead to water retention and swelling. Foods high in fiber on the other hand should be consumed because they ward off constipation, which can also result in varicose veins.

Signs of varicose veins include leg heaviness, swelling, overtired legs and numbness in the legs. In extreme cases, darkening of the skin can occur.

Varicose veins usually don't have any medical side effects. However, they can cause pain and, infrequently, skin problems, blood clots and skin ulcers. In complex cases, they can be surgically removed. You should see a doctor if you experience swelling or if your legs become unusually tender.

Many women in particular are turning to the cosmetic removal of their varicose veins. Treatments now exist which can help dramatically reduce the appearance of swollen veins.

One option is sclerotherapy, in which a solution is injected in the vein in order to seal it. This stops blood flow to the vein, thereby turning it into scar tissue. Sclerotherapy results in a 50-90% improvement of varicose veins.

Ultrasound sclerotherapy is another available treatment. In this procedure, an ultrasound is combined with sclerotherapy.

Another increasingly popular option for those who prefer less invasive forms of treatment is laser surgery. This treatment is more suitable for smaller veins but can result in slight bruising.

However, none of these treatments cures varicose veins and after several years varicose veins usually appear again because it's not possible to permanently prevent the weakening of valves located in the veins.

Brow Lift Surgery

Brow Lift Surgery


Beauty and Plastic Surgery: Brow Lift Surgery for Antiaging Skin Care
For women beginning the fight against aging skin, one anti aging skin care surgery that is becoming increasingly popular is the brow lift. A brow lift, also known as a forehead lift, is a type of plastic surgery that specifically targets aging skin and helps to create a more youthful appearance and improve one's overall beauty. But what exactly does a brow lift surgery involve and what are the risks associated with this type of plastic surgery?

Brow Lift Surgery
A brow lift is a type of plastic surgery that decreases the appearance of drooping brows, horizontal lines, wrinkles and furrows, all of which are associated with aging skin.

There are three types of forehead lift surgeries:

• coronal: this is the oldest and most reliable type of brow lift surgery. During this procedure, an incision is made across the top of the head. In this manner, the surgeon can address the muscles that lead to the formation of wrinkles. The disadvantage of this type of brow lift is that the top of the head is numb for up to six months following surgery.
• endoscopic: during this brow lift surgery, the surgeon makes four to six one-inch incisions behind the patient's hairline. The surgeon then inserts a small instrument known as an endoscope into the incision; at one end of the endoscope is a small camera that allows the surgeon to see inside. The advantage of this forehead lift surgery is that only minor incisions have to be made. However, endoscopic brow lift surgery is relatively new, with the first surgeries of its type being performed in 1995. Because of this, it is not known how long the results of this type of brow lift last.
• subcutaneous: the least common of brow lift surgeries, a subcutaneous involves an incision being made across the top of the head, where the hairline starts. In a subcutaneous brow lift surgery, the surgeon performs a similar operation to a coronal brow lift. The disadvantage of this type of plastic surgery is that it results in a visible scar across the top of the head.

In many cases, a brow lift is performed in conjunction with a cosmetic surgery facelift in order to maximize the appearance of more youthful looking skin. The effects of a brow lift typically lasts for many years.


The Benefits of a Brow Lift
A brow lift is beneficial to individuals seeking a more youthful appearance. A forehead lift is usually performed when an individual is 40 to 60 years old. In addition, this type of plastic surgery is beneficial to individuals with deep furrows and frown lines due to stress and strenuous muscle activity.


The Risks of a Brow Lift
Like all types of cosmetic surgery, a brow lift surgery contains risks. The plastic surgery risks associated with a brow lift however are relatively rare and minor.

Some such risks and side effects of a brow lift include:

• a decreased ability to raise the eyebrows and/or wrinkle the forehead due to minor nerve damage
• the appearance of a broad scar
• hair loss
• infection, bleeding and/or loss of sensation in the area near where the incision(s) were made

Preparing for Brow Lift Surgery
The first step in preparation for a cosmetic brow lift is to choose and consult with a reputable plastic surgeon. Ask friends and family for a referral and be sure to ask about the surgeon's qualifications. During your initial consultation, you will discuss your goals for the surgery, as well as your medical history. The surgeon will also evaluate your face to see whether the surgery is indeed appropriate, as well as provide you with an overview of the plastic surgery procedure.

Prior to the surgery, your surgeon will provide you with guidelines regarding what foods to eat, what medications and vitamins to take, as well as provide instructions with regard to smoking and the consumption of alcohol.

A brow lift surgery procedure takes from between 30 minutes and 90 minutes and requires the administration of a general aesthetic. This type of plastic surgery is an outpatient surgery (meaning you won't have to stay overnight in the hospital).

Bandages are removed one to three days after a brow lift surgery is performed, while stitches are usually removed seven to days after surgery. Swelling and bruising diminishes in 10 to 14 days and can be alleviated through the constant elevation of the head, as well as through the application of ice to the swollen area.

After the surgery, you should limit excessive physical activity for several weeks, including jogging, heavy housework, bending or sex so as not to exacerbate your blood pressure. Patients should also avoid prolonged exposure to heat and sun for a period of several months following the surgery.

Patients can usually return to work within seven to ten days after the surgery.

Cosmetic Surgery Facelift

Cosmetic Surgery Facelift


When it comes to beauty, many women consider undergoing plastic surgery to fight the signs of aging. Damage caused by time, weather, and stress becomes more and more visible on our skin as we age. If you are considering cosmetic surgery for anti aging purposes, you may be wondering what types of facelift options are available to you. What are the costs and potential risks associated with facelift surgery?

What is a facelift?
A facelift (technically known as rhytidectomy) is a surgical procedure that is aimed to reduce the signs of aging such as wrinkles and sagging skin. This is done by removing excess fatty tissue, tightening underlying facial muscles, and smoothing the skin in order to give a more rested and youthful appearance to the skin.

The Facelift Procedure
There are different types of cosmetic surgery face lift options available. These facelifts are usually performed on an outpatient basis under general anesthesia or a combination of local anesthesia and sedative.

A cosmetic surgeon begins the procedure by making an incision in a discreet location, usually above the hairline, to separate the skin from underlying tissue. The surgeon will then trim any excess fat and skin, which will reduce the appearance of sagging and wrinkles. The surrounding muscles are then tightened to improve the contours of the face.

The skin is then repositioned on the face using either stitches or staples, and the treated area is wrapped with bandages to reduce bruising and swelling. In some cases, a drainage tube is inserted behind the patient’s ear to prevent any blood and fluids from collecting under the skin.

The healing process after cosmetic surgery will typically last for several weeks. Patients are prescribed pain medication after undergoing a face lift surgery.

Facelift Options and Costs
The full facelift is a combination of three different types of cosmetic surgery procedures, which can also be performed independently:

• The lower facelift. This is the most standard facelift procedure and targets the lower half of the face which is most affected by the aging process. This procedure targets the lower half of the face, such as age lines and jowls in the neck and jaw line areas, and raises the corners of the mouth. The cost of a lower facelift is usually between $4,000 to $10,000.
• The mid facelift. Mid face facelift surgery targets areas in the middle of the face such as the lower eyelids and cheeks and reduces the appearance of droopy eyes and saggy skin. The prices for a mid facelift range between $4,000 to $10,000.
• The brow lift. This type of cosmetic surgery targets the forehead and eyebrow region in order to smooth out creases and reposition the eyebrow line. A brow lift usually costs between $2,000 to $8,000.

A mini facelift targets facial areas such as the neck and folds of the nose; this procedure is considered less risky because it involves smaller incisions, and a shorter operating and recovery process. This average cost of a mini facelift is between $3,500 to $6,000.

A thread facelift is the most un-intrusive option and is used for minor improvements. Tiny threads are attached to skin tissue then pulled back to lift and smooth the face. A thread facelift costs between $2,000 to $6,000.


What are the Risks and Side Effects of a Facelift?
Plastic surgery comes with its own share of risks and side effects. Such side effects can experience range from mild to severe in nature. Some of the risks associated with cosmetic surgery facelifts include:

• Nausea or sickness as a reaction to anesthesia after surgery
• Hematoma or bleeding under the skin which can require an operation to remove the blood
• Swelling, sensitivity, localized heat, and redness can be signs of an infection and may require antibiotics
• Nerve and muscle injury in the face
• Scarring or problems with healing of the skin
• Numbness or tingling around the incision areas
• Discoloration of the skin
• Skin or hair loss

Cosmetic Surgery Costs and Facelift Alternatives
If the cost of plastic surgery is too high, or you’re worried about the potential risks, you may want to consider some of the non-surgical face lift options that are available to you.

A thread facelift is one such non-surgical face lift option. The laser facelift is another alternative. In this procedure, the outer layer of the skin is tightened and smoothed using laser technology. A microcurrent facelift uses electric currents to stimulate cells, and rejuvenate skin.

If you’re interested in a more natural anti-aging solutions, you may want to look for facelift creams and powders that contain amino acid solutions such as acetyl hexapeptide and alpha hydroxyl. These anti-aging solutions are designed to reduce wrinkles as well as tighten the skin.

Rosacea

Rosacea


Rosacea is a chronic skin disease that results in redness and swelling, particularly on the face, due to inflammation of the blood vessels.

Women are three times more likely than men to suffer from rosacea, although men tend to have more severe forms of rosacea. It most commonly affects fair-skinned people with blond hair and blue eyes, although anyone can get rosacea.

Although rosacea affects 14 million people in the United States, most Americans know very little about this disease.


Symptoms
Rosacea often begins with the tendency to blush or flush easily; it is often confused with acne or sunburn because it causes redness and swelling.

Symptoms of rosacea vary from person to person and include:

• redness on the cheeks, nose, chin or forehead
• small visible blood vessels on the face
• bumps or blemishes on the face (blemishes usually appear as small, red bumps)
• irritated, watery eyes (rosacea affects the eyes in 50% of people with the disease)

Rosacea symptoms can also include facial itching, burning and stinging. The disorder can lead to social and psychological problems, such as low self-esteem.

People with rosacea often also have acne and, to a lesser extent, non-melanoma skin cancer. However, there is no known link between rosacea and cancer. There is also no known link between rosacea and eczema (which leads to dry, itchy skin and, in more severe cases, raw skin and bleeding).

Because rosacea symptoms vary, it's advisable to keep a journal where you can list foods, products, activities or medicines that trigger your rosacea flare-ups.


Causes
Although the precise cause of rosacea is unknown, experts believe that it is caused by heredity and environmental factors.

Another theory holds that a certain mite that lives in hair follicles causes the oil glands to clog, leading to inflammation. Bacterium that leads to intestinal infection has also been identified as a possible cause of this skin condition.

A malfunctioning immune system has also been cited as a factor in the development of rosacea.


Rosacea Treatment
If you think you might have rosacea, you should see your doctor or dermatologist right away; the longer you leave your rosacea untreated, the worse your condition will likely become.

While there is cure for rosacea, there are a variety of rosacea treatments that can bring you rosacea relief.

Topical treatments for rosacea include:

• Benzoyl peroxide - an antibacterial product which has a mild drying effect
• Sulfur lotions - promote drying and peeling, thereby removing excess oil and dirt
• Azelaic acid - helps the skin to shed more quickly, therefore reducing appearance of blemishes

Topical rosacea treatments generally take about two months to start producing results. Rosacea creams can help redness and scarring, as well as help to promote new skin cell growth.

Oral treatments tend to work more quickly in the treatment of rosacea. Oral rosacea treatments include Tetracycline and Doxycycline; oral rosacea treatments are generally used for more severe cases of rosacea.

Alternative rosacea treatments can also be effective in bringing rosacea relief. Emu oil can minimize skin irritations and herbs such as lavender, ginger and neem have also proven effective.

For those with severe cases of rosacea, laser therapy is a new treatment that helps to reduce the appearance of blood vessels.


Coping with Rosacea: Rosacea Care
If you have rosacea, be aware of specific tripwires, that is, certain factors that cause rosacea flare-ups.

The most common factors that aggravate rosacea are:

• Sun exposure: Make sure you apply a sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or higher year round in order to minimize the negative impact of the sun on your rosacea.
• Hot weather: Stay indoors in a cool, air-conditioned environment as much as possible on hot days.
• Emotional stress: Reducing stress is key to beating rosacea flare-ups. Try deep breathing and visualization when you're feeling stressed or overwhelmed. Reduce your intake of caffeine and make sure you get 8 hours of sleep every night. Simple stretches can help you reduce muscle tension.
• Spicy or hot foods: Avoid black and white pepper, paprika, red peppers and cayenne. Also, stay away from overheated beverages, like hot coffee.
• Exercise: Exercise more frequently, but for shorter intervals. Stay as cool as possible during your workout by applying water, or a cool towel, to your face and neck to avoid overheating.

Rosacea Skin Care
Rosacea skin care is also important. Avoid rubbing or scrubbing your face. Apply skin care products gently, avoid products, such as cosmetics and moisturizers that contain alcohol and fragrance.

Skin care products for rosacea should be mild; avoid using harsh soaps or cleansers that will exacerbate skin irritation. Avoid getting hairspray on your face.

Don't take hot showers or baths, or use hot water to wash your face, as this will only aggravate redness and inflammation. Always use lukewarm water instead.

Tummy Tucks

Tummy Tucks


Many women consider having tummy tucks in order to reduce the appearance of bulging fat and excess skin around their stomachs. But what does a tummy tuck procedure involve? What are the risks and benefits associated with this procedure? And what does a tummy tuck cost?
What is A Tummy Tuck? Full versus Mini Tummy Tuck
A tummy tuck, or abdominoplasty as it is also called, is a plastic surgery procedure in which excess skin and fat from the abdomen area are removed. Tummy tucks also tighten the muscles of the abdomen wall.

A full tummy tuck targets the middle and lower abdomen. This cosmetic surgery procedure involves making an incision from hipbone to hipbone just above the pubic area followed by a second incision that frees the navel from the tissue. The skin is then separated and the abdominal muscles are tightened through stitching; excess skin is also removed.

A mini tummy tuck on the other hand, targets only the lower abdomen (located below the navel). Surgery involves one short horizontal incision that is made in order to firm up abdomen muscles and remove excess skin.

A full tummy tuck surgery takes two to five hours to complete, while a partial or mini tummy tuck takes one to two hours.


When is Abdominoplasty Recommended?
The most common reasons why a tummy tuck would be performed are:

• excess or sagging abdominal skin
• protruding abdomen
• separated or weakened abdominal muscles
• extra fatty tissue in the abdominal area

Tummy tucks are usually recommended when a woman is in good shape but has an extensive fat deposit and loose abdominal skin which cannot be significantly reduced through proper diet and exercise.

Many women consider having a tummy tuck after having multiple pregnancies, since after pregnancy women often find that their muscles have stretched, resulting in stretch marks as well as a loss of firmness and elasticity.

Older women may also consider having abdominoplasty due to the declining elasticity of aging skin. However, in the case of older women, a lack of skin elasticity can also be linked to slight obesity.

When assessing whether a woman needs a tummy tuck, a plastic surgeon will likely examine her abdominal area, both while she is standing and while she is lying down.

A tummy tuck is sometimes performed in conjunction with liposuction.


The Benefits of A Tummy Tuck
Tummy tucks usually have long-term results; they often lead to greater self-confidence and self-esteem in women, approving their overall sense of beauty and appearance. However, it is important to note that the results of tummy tucks are not always perfect. Always make sure to discuss your expectations and possible complications with your plastic surgeon before undergoing abdominoplasty.


Complications of a Tummy Tuck: The Risks and Side Effects
While thousands of tummy tucks are performed successfully each year by qualified plastic surgeons in the United States, there are some complications that exist when having a tummy tuck.

Post-operational risks include infection and blood clots. While these are rare, they do require antibiotics and drainage in order to be treated when they do occur.

Poor healing after a tummy tuck can lead to scarring and sometimes a second operation is required. Delayed healing after plastic surgery can be exacerbated by lifestyle factors such as smoking.

While experts usually recommend waiting until you no longer want children to have a tummy tuck, many women have had tummy tucks in between children, with no noted problems or complications in pregnancy or later on in life.

Liposuction

Liposuction

Liposuction is a cosmetic surgery procedure that many women consider when wanting to improve their overall appearance and beauty. While liposuction has many benefits, including improving a woman's overall shape, liposuction (or lipo as it is also called) does pose serious health risks and side effects.

What is Liposuction? The Basics of Liposuction Surgery
Liposuction is a surgery that is designed to improve the contours of the body through the removal of extra fat found in the deposits between the skin and muscles.

During lipo suction surgery, a stainless steel tube is connected to a suction pump. This device is inserted into fat cells via a small incision; the steel tube and suction pump create a small tunnel through the layers of fat. After the liposuction surgery is complete, these tunnels collapse, improving the overall shape of the body.

A liposuction surgery can be performed on several parts of the body including:

• inner and outer thighs
• legs
• abdomen
• arms
• buttocks
• face
• neck

When Is Liposuction Surgery Recommended?
Liposuction is usually conducted when a woman wants to improve the overall shape of her body and/or safely lose about 6 to 8 pounds off her overall weight.

If a woman wants to lose more weight than that, it is safest to do so by dividing the surgery into multiple surgeries performed approximately three to four weeks apart.

Plastic Surgery: The Benefits of Liposuction
Liposuction surgery improves the look of the body’s shape; many women who have liposuction report feeling more self-confident.

The effects of lipo suction surgery are generally long-term; fat cells that are removed generally do not grow back. However, new fat cells can develop, as is often the case with aging.

Also, while liposuction helps to improve a woman’s overall body shape, it does not improve the quality of her skin. Therefore, liposuction is not recommended for improving the appearance of cellulite or stretch marks.

Some experts believe that having liposuction surgery is more effective in improving one’s appearance than a tummy tuck.

The Risks and Side Effects of Liposuction
Liposuction should not be seen as a way to remove excess amounts of fat associated with such conditions as obesity; rather, it is a cosmetic surgery whose effects are primarily aesthetic.

Some common and generally minor side effects associated with lipo are:

• allergic reaction (to anesthetic)
• scarring
• skin discoloration
• temporary bruising
• numbness
• nerve injury
• post-operational swelling

While these side effects are usually minor, you should always discuss them with your plastic surgeon in the event that you experience them.

More serious side effects associated with this type of surgery, although rare, include:

• blood clots (in the legs or lungs)
• cardiac arrest
• permanent lung damage
• brain damage (due to a lack of oxygen)
• seizures

Types of Liposuction Procedures
There are a variety of different liposuction surgeries from which to choose.

In laser liposuction, a fairly new process, a laser is used to liquefy fat before it is removed, making the removal process of the surgery easier.

In tumescent liposuction, areas of fat are injected with an anesthetic liquid prior to surgery. This type of lipo suction surgery reduces the risk of bruising and swelling.

Ultrasonic liposuction uses high frequency sound waves and mechanical vibrations along with a stainless steel tube, which is inserted into the skin or on top of it in order to liquefy fat. Surgery then follows. This type of liposuction is no longer very common, however, as it is not considered very effective.

Cosmetic Surgery: Liposuction and Pregnancy
Liposuction can help reduce excess fat in the abdominal area associated with pregnancy.

Pregnancy does not permanently alter the effects of lipo suction surgery on a woman's body shape. A woman's body can return to the shape to given to her by lipo suction surgery; all she has to do is lose weight after giving birth and the contours of her body will return to what they were after the lipo suction surgery.